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A coroutine is a concurrency design pattern that you can use onAndroid to simplify code that executes asynchronously.Coroutines were added to Kotlin in version 1.3 and are based on establishedconcepts from other languages.
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On Android, coroutines help to manage long-running tasks that mightotherwise block the main thread and cause your app to become unresponsive.Over 50% of professional developers who use coroutines have reported seeingincreased productivity.This topic describes how you can use Kotlin coroutines to address theseproblems, enabling you to write cleaner and more concise app code.
Features
Coroutines is our recommended solution for asynchronous programming onAndroid. Noteworthy features include the following:
- Lightweight: You can run many coroutines on a single thread due tosupport forsuspension,which doesn't block the thread where the coroutine is running. Suspendingsaves memory over blocking while supporting many concurrent operations.
- Fewer memory leaks: Usestructured concurrency to run operations within a scope.
- Built-in cancellation support:Cancellation is propagated automatically through the running coroutine hierarchy.
- Jetpack integration: Many Jetpack libraries includeextensions that provide full coroutines support. Somelibraries also provide their owncoroutine scope that you canuse for structured concurrency.
Examples overview
Based on the Guide to app architecture, the examplesin this topic make a network request and return the result to the mainthread, where the app can then display the result to the user.
Specifically, the ViewModel
Architecture component calls the repository layer on the main thread totrigger the network request. This guide iterates through various solutionsthat use coroutines keep the main thread unblocked.
ViewModel
includes a set of KTX extensions that work directly withcoroutines. These extension arelifecycle-viewmodel-ktx
library and are usedin this guide.
Dependency info
To use coroutines in your Android project, add the following dependencyto your app's build.gradle
file:
Executing in a background thread
Making a network request on the main thread causes it to wait, or block,until it receives a response. Since the thread is blocked, the OS isn'table to call onDraw()
, which causes your app to freeze and potentiallyleads to an Application Not Responding (ANR) dialog. For a better userexperience, let's run this operation on a background thread. Java edition account.
First, let's take a look at our Repository
class and see how it'smaking the network request:
makeLoginRequest
is synchronous and blocks the calling thread. To modelthe response of the network request, we have our own Result
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The ViewModel
triggers the network request when the user clicks, forexample, on a button:
With the previous code, LoginViewModel
is blocking the UI thread whenmaking the network request. The simplest solution to move the executionoff the main thread is to create a new coroutine and execute the networkrequest on an I/O thread: Hp 8610 scan software.
Let's dissect the coroutines code in the login
function:
viewModelScope
is a predefinedCoroutineScope
that is included withtheViewModel
KTX extensions. Note that all coroutines must run in ascope. ACoroutineScope
manages one or more related coroutines.launch
is a function that creates a coroutine and dispatches theexecution of its function body to the corresponding dispatcher.Dispatchers.IO
indicates that this coroutine should be executed on athread reserved for I/O operations.
The login
function is executed as follows:
- The app calls the
login
function from theView
layer on the main thread. launch
creates a new coroutine, and the network request is madeindependently on a thread reserved for I/O operations.- While the coroutine is running, the
login
function continues executionand returns, possibly before the network request is finished. Note thatfor simplicity, the network response is ignored for now.
Since this coroutine is started with viewModelScope
, it is executed inthe scope of the ViewModel
. If the ViewModel
is destroyed because theuser is navigating away from the screen, viewModelScope
is automaticallycancelled, and all running coroutines are canceled as well.
One issue with the previous example is that anything callingmakeLoginRequest
needs to remember to explicitly move the execution offthe main thread. Let's see how we can modify the Repository
to solvethis problem for us.
Use coroutines for main-safety
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We consider a function main-safe when it doesn't block UI updates on themain thread. The makeLoginRequest
function is not main-safe, as callingmakeLoginRequest
from the main thread does block the UI. Use thewithContext()
function from the coroutines library to move the executionof a coroutine to a different thread:
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withContext(Dispatchers.IO)
moves the execution of the coroutine to anI/O thread, making our calling function main-safe and enabling the UI toupdate as needed.
makeLoginRequest
is also marked with the suspend
keyword. This keywordis Kotlin's way to enforce a function to be called from within a coroutine.
Dispatchers
into aRepository
layer. To learn more, seeTesting coroutines on Android.http://nmpvtnf.xtgem.com/Blog/__xtblog_entry/19448152-uad-authorization-crack#xt_blog. In the following example, the coroutine is created in the LoginViewModel
.As makeLoginRequest
moves the execution off the main thread, the coroutinein the login
function can be now executed in the main thread:
Note that the coroutine is still needed here, since makeLoginRequest
isa suspend
function, and all suspend
What program is needed to view pdf files. functions must be executed ina coroutine.
This code differs from the previous login
example in a couple of ways:
launch
doesn't take aDispatchers.IO
parameter. When you don'tpass aDispatcher
tolaunch
, any coroutines launched fromviewModelScope
run in the main thread.- The result of the network request is now handled to display the successor failure UI.
The login function now executes as follows:
- The app calls the
login()
function from theView
layer on the main thread. launch
creates a new coroutine to make the network request on the mainthread, and the coroutine begins execution.- Within the coroutine, the call to
loginRepository.makeLoginRequest()
now suspends further execution of the coroutine until thewithContext
block inmakeLoginRequest()
finishes running. - Once the
withContext
block finishes, the coroutine inlogin()
resumesexecution on the main thread with the result of the network request.
View
from the ViewModel
layer, useLiveData
as recommended in theGuide to app architecture. When following this pattern,the code in the ViewModel
is executed on the main thread, so you can callMutableLiveData
's setValue()
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Handling exceptions
To handle exceptions that the Repository
layer can throw, use Kotlin'sbuilt-in support for exceptions.In the following example, we use a try-catch
block:
In this example, any unexpected exception thrown by the makeLoginRequest()
call is handled as an error in the UI.
Additional coroutines resources
For a more detailed look at coroutines on Android, seeImprove app performance with Kotlin coroutines.
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For more coroutines resources, see the following links: